Sustainability Standards, Gender, and Nutrition among Smallholder Farmers in Uganda
研究了乌干达小农户咖啡认证（公平贸易、有机、UTZ）对粮食安全和膳食质量的影响，发现认证通过提高收入和改善性别平等增加了卡路里和微量营养素摄入。
Sustainability standards are gaining in importance in global markets for high-value foods. While previous research has shown that participating farmers in developing countries may benefit through income gains, nutrition impacts have hardly been analysed. We use survey data from smallholder coffee farmers in Uganda – certified under Fairtrade, Organic, and UTZ – to analyse impacts on food security and dietary quality. Estimates of instrumental variable models and simultaneous equation systems show that certification increases calorie and micronutrient consumption, mainly through higher incomes and improved gender equity. In certified households, women have greater control of coffee production and monetary revenues from sales.