Non-discrimination Clauses: Their Effect on British Retail Energy Prices
研究了2009年引入的非歧视条款这一重大监管干预对英国六大能源公司定价行为的影响，发现干预后区域垄断企业与大型区域竞争者之间的有效竞争减弱，市场更像英国燃气与区域垄断企业之间的双寡头格局。
UK governments and the energy regulator have shown increasing concern about the health of competition in the residential energy market, following their pioneering deregulation at the end of the last century. We identify the effects of introducing the non-discrimination clauses in 2009, a major regulatory intervention and the first since deregulation. We explore the effect of this intervention on the price movements of the six major players, and find that the nature of competition in the industry has changed, with less effective rivalry between the regional incumbents and large regional competitors following the intervention; companies seem to have ‘retreated’ to their home regions, leaving a market where pricing behaviour resembles more closely a duopoly between British Gas and the regional incumbent.