What Do Test Scores Miss? The Importance of Teacher Effects on Non–Test Score Outcomes
研究发现教师对学生非考试成绩行为（如缺勤、停学、课程成绩和留级）的影响与考试成绩影响弱相关，且前者更能预测高中毕业等长期结果，综合两者可更全面评估教师效能。
Teachers affect a variety of student outcomes through their influence on both cognitive and noncognitive skill. I proxy for students’ noncognitive skill using non–test score behaviors. These behaviors include absences, suspensions, course grades, and grade repetition in ninth grade. Teacher effects on test scores and those on behaviors are weakly correlated. Teacher effects on behaviors predict larger impacts on high school completion and other longer-run outcomes than their effects on test scores. Relative to using only test score measures, using effects on both test score and noncognitive measures more than doubles the variance of predictable teacher impacts on longer-run outcomes.