Open Business Models and Closed-Loop Value Chains: Redefining the Firm-Consumer Relationship
基于社会经济新趋势，提出九种商业模式原型，涵盖企业向消费者开放及闭环价值链整合，并用实例说明其对消费者社区、新产品开发和可持续性的管理启示。
Driven by recent socio-economic developments, manufacturing firms increasingly adapt their business models along two dimensions. Apart from vertically integrating the entire product life cycle, traditionally separated tasks are re-allocated into new forms of horizontal stakeholder collaborations. Incorporating these two dimensions, this article develops a framework of nine business model archetypes that holistically capture the increasing openness of business models towards consumers in the emerging closed-loop value chain. Using illustrative examples, it demonstrates their broad applicability in different industries and derives important managerial implications for firm-consumer relationships, the relevance of consumer communities, new product development activities, and the sustainability of business models.