The geography of innovation in Italy, 1861–1913: evidence from patent data
利用1861-1913年意大利专利数据，分析了发明活动的空间分布及其与工业化、人力资本的关系，发现中等技术教育和理工科大学教育对专利活动有显著影响，发明活动是工业化的重要推动力。
In this paper we provide a systematic appraisal of the spatial patterns of inventive activity in Italy in the period 1861‒1913 using patent data. First, we introduce a characterization of the spatial distribution of patents and of its evolution over time. Second, we assess the connection between different forms of human capital and patent intensity. We establish a robust correlation between secondary technical education and science and engineering university studies and patent activity. Third, we study the connection between patents and industrialization. Our main finding is that inventive activities were an important element of the industrialization process, even in a latecomer country such as Italy.