The negotiators who knew too much: Transaction costs and incomplete information
研究了双方在日期1支付交易成本后，于日期2谈判合作以产生剩余。发现日期1时不知道剩余大小反而可能提高预期总剩余，且不完全信息下共同所有权可能最优。
Two parties can at some future date 2 negotiate about whether or not to collaborate in order to generate a surplus. Yet, the negotiation stage will be reached only if at date 1 both parties pay their respective transaction costs. We show that the expected total surplus may be larger when at date 1 the parties do not yet know the size of the surplus that can be generated at date 2. Moreover, joint ownership can be optimal under incomplete information even when it would be suboptimal under complete information.