Taxi drivers with a PhD: trickle down or crowding-out for lower educated workers in Dutch cities?
研究高学历者涌入城市是否通过接受低技能工作挤出了低学历工人的就业机会，基于荷兰城市截面数据发现挤出效应确实存在，提醒政策制定者不能将吸引高学历者视为解决低学历失业的万能药。
Attracting higher educated workers is often seen as a means to stimulate employment in cities in general, leading to lower unemployment for the lower educated, the ‘trickle-down’ effect. However, lower educated workers may also experience crowding-out effects if these higher educated inhabitants accept jobs below their educational level. Based on an empirical analysis of a cross-section of Dutch cities, we find that these crowding-out effects indeed seem to occur. This implies that a trickle-down strategy cannot be seen as a panacea by urban policymakers for the problem of high unemployment amongst lower educated workers.