Fertility and female employment dynamics in Europe: the effect of using alternative econometric modeling assumptions
估计欧洲生育对女性就业的直接和长期影响，发现生育显著降低就业概率，且影响因国家而异；模型假设（如初始条件、序列相关）影响国内结果，但国家间模式稳健，与劳动力市场灵活性和家庭政策差异一致。
Abstract We investigate the direct and long‐run effects of fertility on employment in Europe, estimating dynamic models of labor supply under different assumptions regarding the exogeneity of fertility and modeling assumptions related to initial conditions, unobserved heterogeneity and serial correlation in the error terms. We find overall large direct and long‐run effects of giving birth on employment probabilities, and these effects differ considerably across countries. We find that within countries the results are sensitive to the statistical assumption made on initial conditions, the inclusion of serial correlation and the assumption of strict exogeneity of children. However, the pattern across countries is robust to these assumptions. We show that such patterns are largely consistent with prevailing institutional differences related to the flexibility of the labor markets and family policies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.