The impact of Urban Enterprise Zones on establishment location decisions and labor market outcomes: evidence from France
研究了法国城市企业区政策（ZFU）对机构选址和劳动力市场的影响，发现政策促使机构在区内选址但主要源于市内转移，对低工资工人就业有正面作用，对高工资工人工资有负面作用。
In this article, we study the impact of a French enterprise zone program—the ‘Zones Franches Urbaines’ (ZFUs) policy—on establishment location decisions and on labor market outcomes. Our main identification strategy, which combines spatial and time differencing, shows that conditional on locating in a municipality that hosts a ZFU, the policy has a positive and sizable impact on the probability to locate in the ZFU part rather than in the non-ZFU part of municipalities. However, the impact is highly heterogeneous across zones, industries and firms. We also show that this positive effect is entirely due to within-municipality diversion effects. Regarding labor market outcomes, the policy has a positive effect on employment, especially for low-wage workers. As for wages, the effect is null for low-wage workers, and negative for high-wage ones.