Why the Japanese Don't Export More Pharmaceuticals: Health Policy as Industrial Policy
分析日本制药业出口低迷的原因，指出国内卫生政策通过政府定价和严格监管，实际上起到了产业政策的作用，使企业专注于国内市场，直到1980年代才转向全球竞争。
Japan has the second largest single-county market for pharmaceutical products in the world but is one of the lowest exporters among the major producer countries, with only about 3% of total production going to exports for most of the postwar period. Imports continue to exceed exports by about a three-to-one ratio. This article shows how domestic public policies nurtured and promoted the Japanese pharmaceutical industry and created a domestic focus through a highly regulated market with government-set prices. Health policy in effect has served as implicit industrial policy. In the 1980s, as a result of changes in health policy combined with changes in business strategy, the Japanese pharmaceutical industry emerged as a global competitor.