The Involvement/Exclusion Paradox of Spontaneous Volunteering
研究了灾害中自发志愿者参与时常见的“参与/排斥”悖论，基于英格兰冬季洪灾案例，构建概念模型解释该现象，对应急管理者和研究者有参考价值。
This article focuses on the involvement and management of spontaneous volunteers (SVs). It develops a new theory—which we call the “involvement/exclusion” paradox—about a situation which is frequently manifested when SVs converge in times of disaster. After reviewing research and policy guidance relating to spontaneous volunteering, we present findings from a study of responses to winter flood episodes in England. Taking together the empirical findings and the literature, the article analyzes elements inherent in the involvement/exclusion paradox and develops a conceptual model to illustrate and explain the paradox. Implications for managers and future research are discussed.