The changing role of external stakeholders: from imaginary friends to effective actors or non-interfering friends
分析了26所欧洲高校校长和评议会成员对外部利益相关者（如董事会外部成员）影响力的看法，发现他们被视为社会代表，但校长更希望其成为不干涉的盟友。
Recent shifts in university governance have relied on increased autonomy. Within this context, the enhanced role attributed to governance boards at the expense of academic bodies and the role of external stakeholders has gained momentum. With the aim of understanding the extent of the influence of external stakeholders at the institutional level, the perceptions of Rectors and Senate members from 26 European higher education institutions were analysed. Their views saw external members of boards as representing the interests of the society at large and bringing outside beliefs and pressures to the university. However, Rectors would prefer to see them as allies, avoiding interfering strongly in the private lives of institutions.