Border effects in a free-trade zone: Evidence from European wine shipments
研究了欧洲葡萄酒生产商在16个欧洲港口中选择时，距离、港口特征和国界的影响，发现不同规模运输商的边界效应显著且不对称。
This article examines shipments of wine from European producers to 16 European ports. The research question focuses on disaggregated decisions about which port to use controlling for distance, port fixed effects and whether a national border must be crossed to reach the port. Using a conditional logit model we find heterogeneous impacts of transportation costs and national borders on port choice across shippers of various sizes. Based on the estimation results, we calculate the distance equivalents of national borders for shippers of various sizes. We show that border effects are non-trivial and asymmetric, even within the European free-trade zone.