Tracing the Evolution of Agglomeration Economies: Spain, 1860–1991
利用西班牙1860至1991年约每十年记录的地区人口数据，研究初始人口是否影响后续人口增长，发现19世纪下半叶两者关系微弱，1910至1970年间显著增强，但被内战和自给自足时期打断，1970年代后减弱，且集聚经济在中型地区更强。
Using district population in Spain between 1860 and 1991, recorded approximately every decade, this article examines whether initial population affects subsequent population growth. While such a relationship between these two variables hardly existed during the second half of the nineteenth century, this link increased significantly between 1910 and 1970, although this trend was abruptly interrupted by the Civil War and the autarkic period that followed. The intensity of this relationship decreased in the 1970s, a process that continued during the 1980s. Our findings also stress that agglomeration economies were stronger in medium-size districts, especially from 1960 onwards.