Inclusive Development and the Asymmetric State: Big Projects and Local Communities in the Brazilian Amazon
研究了巴西劳工党在亚马逊地区实施大型基础设施项目（BR-163公路和贝洛蒙特水坝）时，社会包容与民众参与议程的落实困境，发现多重不平等导致国家能力不均，基础设施推进快于惠及社区的参与式项目。
In 2003, the Workers’ Party took federal office in Brazil on an agenda of social inclusion and popular participation. This paper explores attempts to implement that agenda in big infrastructure projects in the Amazon: the BR-163 road and the Belo Monte dam. We argue that overlapping inequalities (between social groups, within the bureaucracy and between territorial centre and periphery) result in uneven state capacities for implementing projects in the Amazon. This framework helps explain why the government has moved much faster in building infrastructure than in implementing participatory social and environmental programmes that would benefit affected local communities.