Off-farm employment and time allocation in on-farm work in rural China from gender perspective
研究中国农村非农就业增加如何影响留守男女农民的农业劳动时间分配，发现非农就业不改变总劳动时间，但减少主粮作物和收获销售环节的劳动天数，且未出现农业女性化趋势。
This paper sheds light on how the growing number of off-farm employees affects the labor allocation of female and male left-behind farmers in the Chinese agricultural sector. We find no direct effect of off-farm employment on left behind workers' total working time in farming, nor do we observe a gender difference in this respect. However, we do find that increasing off-farm work is associated with fewer days worked on staple crops, and in the harvesting and sales stages of the production process. Hiring labor and buying agricultural services also impact left behind workers' time allocation. Moreover, we find that in China, contrary to several other developing countries, there is no trend towards a feminization of agriculture, but rather a tendency in the reverse direction.