Foreclosing Competition Through High Access Charges and Price Discrimination
分析了一个在位网络和一个新进入网络之间的竞争，发现当接入费较高且存在转换成本时，在位者可以通过价格歧视策略盈利性地阻止市场进入。
This article analyzes competition between two asymmetric networks, an incumbent and a new entrant. Networks compete in non‐linear tariffs and may charge different prices for on‐net and off‐net calls. When access charges are high, this allows the incumbent to foreclose the market in a profitable way if switching costs are sufficiently large. In the absence of termination‐based price discrimination, however, such foreclosure strategies are not profitable.