Underdog Entrepreneurs: A Model of Challenge–Based Entrepreneurship
研究了经济、社会文化、认知和身体/情感方面的负面个人处境如何同样能激发人们成为有效创业者，这些挑战促使适应性要求，进而培养工作纪律、风险承受力、社交网络技能和创造力。
Although there has been abundant research on the positive personality and environmental qualities that stimulate entrepreneurship, we argue that negative personal circumstances of an economic, sociocultural, cognitive, and physical/ emotional nature may have an equally powerful role to play in getting people to become effective entrepreneurs. These challenges create conditions and experiences that motivate particular adaptive requirements which in turn foster outcomes such as work discipline, risk tolerance, social and network skills, and creativity.