Representative Bureaucracy: A Lever to Enhance Social Equity, Coproduction, and Democracy
本文梳理了代表性官僚制理论及其对公共服务效能与合法性的实证证据，重点探讨象征性代表如何通过影响客户态度改善结果，对公共管理者理解组织代表性在共同生产与民主治理中的价值有参考意义。
Abstract Scholars and practitioners have long questioned whether the race, ethnicity, and gender of public bureaucrats matter to the efficacy and legitimacy of public services. Representative bureaucracy theory and research provide a growing body of empirical evidence that it does. This article examines some of the rich scholarly work that has been generated on representative bureaucracy and its implications for practice. A significant aspect of recent research focuses on the notion of symbolic representation, whereby the mere existence of a passively represented bureaucracy can itself improve outcomes by influencing the attitudes and behaviors of clients, regardless of bureaucratic actions or results. This article is intended to help both students and public managers understand the importance of representativeness in public organizations for a broad spectrum of practices and goals, from the coproduction of services to democratic rule .