Achilles' heels of governance: Critical capacity deficits and their role in governance failures
本文构建了一个能力模型，分析不同治理模式所需的关键能力，指出每种模式都有其“阿喀琉斯之踵”——一种关键能力缺陷，若不足则易导致治理失败，对政策制定者和治理研究者有参考价值。
Abstract This article assesses the usefulness of conceptions of policy capacity for understanding policy and governance outcomes. In order to shed light on this issue, it revisits the concept of governance, derives a model of basic governance types and discusses their capacity pre‐requisites. A model of capacity is developed combining competences over three levels of activities with analysis of resource capabilities at each level. This analysis is then applied to the common modes of governance. While each mode requires all types of capacity if it is to match its theoretically optimal potential, most on‐the‐ground modes do not attain their highest potential. Moreover, each mode has a critical type of capacity which serves as its principle vulnerability; its “ A chilles' heel.” Without high levels of the requisite capacity, the governance mode is unlikely to perform as expected. While some hybrid modes can serve to supplement or reinforce each other and bridge capacity gaps, other mixed forms may aggravate single mode issues. Switching between modes or adopting hybrid modes is, therefore, a non‐trivial issue in which considerations of capacity issues in general and A chilles' heel capacities in particular should be a central concern.