‘In and Against the State’? Venezuela’s Education Missions and the Struggle for a Democratic Alternative
研究了委内瑞拉成人教育使命在增强基层批判意识和动员方面的可能性与内在矛盾，指出微观层面虽有进展，但自上而下的结构性变革不足，威胁激进社会变革的前景。
In Latin America, dissatisfaction with neoliberal democracy has led to a search for alternatives based on more participatory forms of citizen engagement that have overtly pedagogical dimensions. This paper focuses on Venezuela’s Adult Education Missions to illustrate the possibility but also the inherent contradictions of education ‘in and against the state’ to enhance grassroots critical consciousness and mobilisation. It argues that while considerable progress has been made at the micro level, structural change from above to redistribute power and transform capitalist relations of production has been insufficient and that this threatens the future of the project for radical social change.