Juvenile Crime and Punishment
研究1978-1993年间美国青少年司法系统惩罚力度下降与青少年暴力犯罪率增长的关系，发现相对惩罚变化可解释60%的青少年与成人暴力犯罪增长率差异，且青少年对制裁的反应至少与成人一样敏感。
Over last two decades punitiveness of juvenile justice system has declined substantially relative adult courts. During that same time period juvenile violent rates have grown almost twice as quickly as adult crime rates. This paper examines degree to which those two empirical observations are related, finding that changes in relative punishments can account for 60 percent of differential growth rates in juvenile and adult violent between 1978 and 1993. Juvenile offenders appear be at least as responsive sanctions as adults. Moreover, sharp changes in criminal involvement with transition from juvenile adult court suggest that deterrence, rather than simply incapacitation important role. There does not, however, appear be a strong relationship between the punitiveness of juvenile justice system that a cohort faces and extent of involvement for that cohort later in life.