Promoting Agriculture: Farmers, the State, and Checkoff Marketing, 1935–2005
本文回顾了美国强制商品促销（即“checkoff”）的历史，认为这是一种私人组织实现公共目标的联合治理形式，并因其用市场和自助修辞掩盖政府干预而长期存在。
This article provides a historical overview of the development of U.S. government-mandated commodity promotion. This form of promotion, known colloquially as the “checkoff,” is responsible for such memorable slogans as “Beef: It's What's for Dinner,” as well as research intended to boost consumption of agricultural products. The article argues that checkoffs represent an associational form of governance in which private organizations achieve public aims. Though they have been frequently challenged in courts and have garnered scrutiny from public health activists, checkoffs have been a durable form of agricultural regulation because they hide the heavy hand of government with the rhetoric of markets and self-help.