The Transmission of Inequality Across Multiple Generations: Testing Recent Theories With Evidence From Germany
研究发现德国职业和教育的代际持续性比两代估计更大，检验了Clark的假说和祖辈独立效应，支持持续性较高但非时间不变，且祖辈系数在马尔可夫模型中为正但非因果。
This article shows that across multiple generations, the persistence of occupational and educational attainment in Germany is larger than estimates from two generations suggest. We consider two recent interpretations. First, we assess Gregory Clark's hypotheses that the true rate of intergenerational persistence is higher than the observed rate, as high as 0.75, and time-invariant. Our evidence supports the first but not the other two hypotheses. Second, we test for independent effects of grandparents. We show that the coefficient on grandparent status is positive in a wide class of Markovian models and present evidence against its causal interpretation.