Psychology Fails to Trump the Multiyear, Structural Development Plan: Albert Hirschman's Largely Frustrated Efforts to Place the “Ability to Make and Carry Out Development Decisions” At the Center of the Development Economics of the Late 1950s and the 1960s
回顾了1950年代经济学家对落后地区发展路径的争论，重点介绍赫希曼强调心理态度和决策能力的主张如何被世界银行等主流规划派拒绝，并指出兰德公司的心理学实验其实支持了他的观点。
Economists in the 1950s differed on “backwardness” and how best to intervene. World Bank economists favored planning, but one dissenter, Albert Hirschman, held the conviction that the basis for success lay in a desire for change and the will to face down difficulties. In 1959 Hirschman's approach was rejected as more psychology than economics by a leading representative of detailed plans and removing “obstacles” such as short-ages of foreign exchange and domestic savings. Ironically, RAND psychologists had just shown that team training with simulations plus daily debriefings that encouraged team input, improved performance under stress, roughly in line with Hirschman's “psychological attitudes” and willingness to face down difficulties.