Beyond Profiling: The Institutional Sources of Racial Disparities in Policing
基于堪萨斯城都市区驾驶员的原始调查数据，研究发现警察拦停中的种族差异集中在调查性车辆拦停，此类拦停中黑人被不成比例地拦下、盘问和搜查，多数被拦者无辜，且经历造成心理伤害并削弱对警察的信任与合作。
Abstract American policing faces a crisis of legitimacy. A key source of this crisis is a widespread police practice commonly endorsed by police leaders to fight crime. This is the investigatory stop, used to check out people who seem suspicious and to seize illegal drugs and guns and make arrests. Using data from an original scientific survey of drivers in the Kansas City metropolitan area, the authors show that racial disparities in police stops are concentrated in investigatory vehicle stops. In these stops, but not others, officers disproportionately stop African Americans and question and search them. The overwhelming majority of people stopped in this way are innocent, and the experience causes psychological harm and erodes trust in and cooperation with the police. Many of the most controversial police shootings during the past two years occurred in these stops. Reforming this practice is an essential step toward restoring trust in the police .