Does learning matter for policy outcomes? The case of integrating climate finance into the EU budget
研究了学习在欧盟政策变化中的作用，以2014-2020年预算中20%用于气候行动为例，发现学习主要限于少数政策企业家，对多数参与者影响有限。
ABSTRACT A considerable body of work has invoked learning in seeking to explain observed patterns of EU policy change. This contribution scrutinizes the relevance of learning for understanding policy outcomes. We apply a consolidated framework based on factual, experiential and constructivist learning across the individual and organizational levels to examine the unlikely policy outcome of dedicating 20% of the EU 2014–2020 budget to climate action. Learning did play some role in the policy outcome, in that the belief that climate policy integration (CPI) was an appropriate instrument to address climate change was the result of constructivist learning over the preceding decade. However, this learning was restricted to a handful of policy entrepreneurs in Cabinet/DG Clima, who largely ‘pushed’ the policy through based on pre-existing convictions. Conversely, beyond some experiential learning, there is little evidence that learning was a significant feature of the policy process amongst actors in other European institutions.