Weak Labour, Strong Interests: Polish Trade Unions and the Integration of EU Energy and Service Markets
研究了波兰工会为何在欧盟层面积极行动，分析其游说和抗议活动，发现劳工利益受特定市场条件影响，优先保护就业或提高社会标准决定了其立场和盟友选择。
Abstract This paper examines the motives behind the EU‐level activism of CEE trade unions, which are commonly regarded as weak actors. To this end, it studies lobbying and protest actions staged by Polish labour organizations in relation to proposals for the EU Emission Trading Scheme Directive and the EU Services Directive. The analysis confirms the salience of interest‐based accounts of supranational union action, but it also shows that labour interests are context‐specific, influenced by economic conditions and regulatory changes in particular market segments. In this regard, priority given by the unions to job preservation or the improvement of social standards has important implications for their positions; it also determines the selection of their allies at national and transnational levels.