How visible is the visible hand of top management in strategic renewals? Guided evolution and the intraorganizational ecology model of adaptation
通过模拟模型，研究高层管理在引导内部创业和战略倡议的组织内生态中的作用，阐明资源冗余、高层管理行为特征（如调整核心业务预期的时间）如何影响战略更新过程。
This article presents a formal model of an organization that faces a process of strategic renewal. By simulating the model, the role of the top management is investigated in guiding internal entrepreneurship in an intraorganizational ecology of strategic initiatives. The simulation study advances received strategy-process literature in three ways. First, it clarifies the role that slack resources play within a web of interacting variables. Second, the study indicates the behavioral features of the top management that are desirable to appropriately calibrate slack flows. More specifically, two constructs are described: (i) time to adapt core business expectations and (ii) time to react to change in expectations, which capture the top management’s capability to produce accurate expectations and to buttress appropriate reaction to change in those expectations. Third, the article integrates the interaction among top managers’ agency, evolutionary forces, and self-organization in the strategy process.