The Impact of Expanding Access to Early Childhood Education Services in Rural Indonesia
研究了印度尼西亚农村扩大低成本社区游戏小组对儿童发展的影响，发现整体效果有限，但对弱势儿童有适度且持续的正面影响，并存在替代其他服务的现象。
This paper examines the effects of an intervention that expanded access to low-cost, government-sponsored, community-based playgroups in rural Indonesia. Instrumental variables and difference-in-differences models indicate that while the intervention raised enrollment rates and durations of enrollment for everyone, on average, there was little impact on child development. The two models correspond to different durations of project exposure. The difference-in-differences model captures greater exposure and shows that there are modest and sustained impacts on child development—especially for children from more disadvantaged backgrounds. There is also evidence that the intervention encouraged substitution away from other services, such as kindergartens.