Making Transparency Transparent: The Evolution of Observation in Management Theory
梳理了管理学中“透明度”一词的演变，发现观察对象从组织结果转向个体活动细节，观察主体从人转向技术，且管理者与学者对观察的视角存在分裂，为后续研究提供了方向。
Observation is key to management scholarship and practice. Yet a holistic view of its role in management has been elusive, in part due to shifting terminology. The current popularity of the term “transparency” provides the occasion for a thorough review, which finds (a) a shift in the object of observation from organizational outcomes to the detailed individual activities within them; (b) a shift from people observing the technology to technology observing people; and (c) a split in the field, with managers viewing observation almost entirely from the observer’s perspective, leaving the perspective of the observed to the realm of scholarly methodology courses and philosophical debates on privacy. I suggest how the literature on transparency and related literatures might be improved with research designed in light of these trends.