Comparing Apples to Oranges: Differences in Women’s and Men’s Incarceration and Sentencing Outcomes
利用行政记录发现女性平均刑期比男性轻，约30%的性别差异无法用犯罪特征解释，且法官间存在处理差异，但性别歧视偏好并非主因。
Using detailed administrative records, we find that, on average, women receive lighter sentences in comparison with men along both extensive and intensive margins. Using parametric and semiparametric decomposition methods, roughly 30% of the gender differences in incarceration cannot be explained by the observed criminal characteristics of offense and offender. We also find evidence of considerable heterogeneity across judges in their treatment of female and male offenders. There is little evidence, however, that tastes for gender discrimination are driving the mean gender disparity or the variance in treatment between judges.