Direct and Spillover Effects of Middle School Vaccination Requirements
研究了美国各州要求中学生接种百白破加强针的政策，发现该政策不仅使百日咳发病率下降约32%，还意外提高了青少年脑膜炎和HPV疫苗的接种率，对低收入家庭儿童效果尤其显著。
We study the direct and spillover effects of state requirements that middle school youths obtain a tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) booster prior to middle school entry. These mandates significantly increased Tdap vaccine take-up and reduced pertussis (whooping cough) incidence by about 32 percent. We also document cross-vaccine spillovers: the mandates significantly increased adolescent vaccination rates for meningococcal disease and human papillomavirus (HPV)—which is responsible for 98 percent of cervical cancers—by 8–34 percent, with particularly large effects for children from low SES households. We find important roles for both parents and providers in generating these spillovers.