The American paradox: ideology of free markets and the hidden practice of directional thrust
揭示美国自建国以来一直实施以生产为导向的产业政策且收益远超成本，但1980年代后自由市场意识形态主导话语，使产业政策被污名化并转为隐蔽实践，最后为其他国家及国际组织提供教训。
The USA presents a paradox. The US state has practised production-focused industrial policy from the early years of the republic, with benefits that by any plausible measure far exceed costs. But since the 1980s, the exchange-focused idea that ‘the free market is what works, and having the state help it is usually a contradiction in terms’ has been at the normative centre of gravity in public policy discourse. With ‘industrial policy’ rendered toxic, the state has disguised its production-focused practice, to the point where even non-ideological academic researchers claim that the USA does industrial policy not at all, or badly. This essay reviews the history of US industrial policy, with an emphasis on ‘network-building industrial policy’ over the past two decades. At the end, it draws a lesson for policy communities in other countries and interstate development organisations such as the World Bank and IMF.