The political economy of carbon pricing: a panel analysis
研究分析了国家和北美次国家级司法管辖区引入碳定价及其严格程度的政治经济因素，发现政治经济因素主要影响引入而非严格程度，且严格程度具有高度持续性。
Abstract In virtually all jurisdictions that explicitly price carbon, its average (emissions-weighted) price remains low. Our analysis focuses on the political economy of its introduction as well as its stringency in an international panel of national and North American subnational jurisdictions. Results suggest that political economy factors primarily affected the former and that policy stringency is a highly persistent process. This has two important policy implications. First, successful passage of carbon pricing legislation will either come with contemporaneous compensation of incumbent, CO2-intensive, sectors or occur after their relative weakening. Second, if political economy constraints continue to prevail, climate change mitigation strategies will require multiple instruments.