Born to Lead? The Effect of Birth Order on Noncognitive Abilities
利用瑞典人口数据，研究发现较早出生的男性在情绪稳定性、毅力、社交能力等方面优于后出生者，且更可能成为管理者；出生顺序的负面影响源于后天环境因素，父母对后出生子女的人力资本投资较少。
We study the effect of birth order on personality using Swedish population data. Earlier-born men are more emotionally stable, persistent, socially outgoing, willing to assume responsibility, and able to take initiative than later borns. Firstborn children aremore likely to bemanagers and to be in occupations requiring leadership ability, social ability, and Big Five personality traits.We find a significant role for the sex composition within the family. When investigating possible mechanisms, we find that negative effects of birth order are driven by postnatal environmental factors. We also find evidence of lower parental human capital investments in later-born children.