The roles of electricity and ICT in growth and productivity: Case Finland
定量分析电力与ICT在芬兰从农业国转型为高科技国家过程中的增长引擎作用，发现ICT对GDP增长的贡献是电力在1920-1938年的近两倍，且多要素生产率提升贡献了ICT贡献的90%但仅占电力的三分之一。
This paper takes a quantitative look at electricity and ICT as engines of growth in the process of Finland’s transformation from a backward agricultural nation into a modern high-tech country. Finland was one of the leading countries in the electrification of mechanical drive in industry in the early 20 century. Today the country is generally regarded as one of the leading information societies. It is shown that ICT’s contribution to GDP growth in 1980-2004 was almost twice as large as electricity’s contribution in 1920-1938. The improvement of multi-factor productivity in production accounted for 90 per cent of ICT’s contribution but only one third of electricity’s. Finland has thus been far more successful as an ICT producer than a producer of electricity. The contributions of both electricity and ICT have been somewhat smaller in Finland than in the United States. For electricity, the main source of the difference is the multi-factor productivity spillovers associated with the use of electricity. They were much larger in the United States than in Finland. Regarding ICT, capital deepening has been important for the United States, improvement of productivity in ICT manufacturing for Finland. No evidence is found for spillovers arising from ICT use.