Walmart’s Emergent Low-Cost Sustainable Product Strategy
追踪沃尔玛过去十年如何从面向消费者的可持续标签转向供应商合作，在不提价的前提下改善环境与社会绩效，对研究企业可持续战略的学者有参考价值。
This article traces the strategic initiatives that Walmart undertook over the last decade to implement its ambitious vision of selling more sustainable products. This effort has been characterized by a gradual shift away from customer-facing initiatives aimed at labeling sustainable products toward supplier-facing initiatives targeted at improving environmental or social performance without raising customer prices. It highlights the role of institutional intermediaries, transaction costs, and experiential learning in shaping firms’ capabilities to translate ambitious sustainability goals into operable, mass-market initiatives.