The Origins of American International Retailing: Tiffany of New York in London and Paris, 1837–1914
研究了纽约蒂芙尼公司1837至1914年间在伦敦和巴黎的国际零售活动，发现五个关键因素支撑其可持续国际化，对理解早期零售国际化有参考价值。
This article considers the international retailing activities of Tiffany of New York between 1837 and 1914. Using data from the company archive alongside other sources, the findings indicate that five factors were determinants of sustainable international retailing: a centralized organizational structure, a stable ownership structure, existing international engagement, a strong brand identity, and a relevant international retail format. Placing Tiffany's activities in its wider commercial and consumer context, the findings illustrate the organizational changes and asset combination required to support the development of early international retail operations. The article contributes to theoretical understanding of the dynamics of retail internationalization.