How to Avoid Innovation Competence Loss in R&D Outsourcing
研究了研发外包中因失去边做边学机会而导致创新能力损失的问题，并基于菲亚特的实践提出了一种新的组织解决方案。
Companies developing complex products face a crucial dilemma: the benefits of research and development (R&D) outsourcing such as lower costs, access to specialist knowledge, or shorter development lead times often have negative consequences for competence development due to the loss of opportunities for learning by doing. Having experienced the problems of outsourcing R&D, Fiat developed a novel organizational solution that offers new insights as to how firms can organize R&D to protect against innovation competence loss in R&D outsourcing.