Exit, Voice, and Political Change: Evidence from Swedish Mass Migration to the United States
利用19世纪瑞典大规模移民美国的数据，研究发现移民通过增加当地对政治变革的需求（如劳工运动、罢工和投票）以及推动实际政治变革（如增加福利支出和采纳更包容的政治制度）来影响政治。
We study the political effects of mass emigration to the United States in the nineteenth century using data from Sweden. To instrument for total emigration over several decades, we exploit severe local frost shocks that sparked an initial wave of emigration, interacted with within-country travel costs. Our estimates show that emigration substantially increased the local demand for political change, as measured by labor movement membership, strike participation, and voting. Emigration also led to de facto political change, increasing welfare expenditures as well as the likelihood of adopting more inclusive political institutions.