The Longitudinal Association between Psychological Factors and Health Care Use
基于一项大型纵向研究，分析了积极和消极情感、生活满意度、自我效能、孤独感、自尊、乐观等心理因素与医疗保健使用（看全科医生、专科医生和住院）的关联，发现情感幸福感和乐观增加会减少医疗使用。
OBJECTIVE: Little attention has been given to psychological factors as correlates of health care use, which could be an important key to manage it. We analyzed the association of psychological factors with health care use. DATA SOURCES: Primary data were obtained from three follow-ups (2002, 2008, and 2011) of a large population-based study with participants aged 40+. STUDY DESIGN: Using a longitudinal observational study, we analyzed the psychological factors of negative and positive affect (affective well-being), life satisfaction (cognitive well-being), self-efficacy, loneliness, self-esteem, optimism, and flexible goal adjustment using fixed-effects regressions. DATA COLLECTION: The participants provided data on health care use (visits to general practitioners [GPs] and specialists as well as hospitalization) and psychological factors via self-administered questionnaires and personal interviews (7,116 observations). The sample was drawn using national probability sampling. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Controlling for self-rated health, chronic diseases and sociodemographics, increases in affective well-being, and optimism decreased health care use of GPs, specialists, and hospital treatment. Increases in cognitive well-being decreased health care use of GPs and specialists. Increases in self-efficacy decreased hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: The study underlines the influence of psychological factors on health care use. Thus, whenever possible, future studies of health care use should include psychological factors, and efforts to reduce health care use might focus on such factors.