Proximity, knowledge base and the innovation process: towards an integrated framework
提出一个整合框架，认为不同邻近性维度（地理、认知、社会、制度、组织）的相对重要性取决于所生产知识的类型（分析性、综合性、符号性），且知识强度随新产品开发的研发与营销阶段变化。
Proximity, knowledge base and the innovation process: towards an integrated framework. Regional Studies. The proximity concept refers to types of inter-organizational relationships that are expected to facilitate interactive learning and collaborative innovation. Different forms of proximity include geographical, cognitive, social, institutional and organizational proximity. This paper argues that the relative importance of each proximity dimension depends on the type of knowledge being produced. It distinguishes between analytical, synthetic and symbolic knowledge, the intensity of which in turn varies with research, development and marketing stages of new product development. The case study of Unilever’s Becel diet margarine serves as a first example of such an integrated framework.