The Canadian productivity stagnation, 2002–2014
研究了2002-2014年间加拿大全要素生产率年均仅增长0.16%的现象，通过反事实分析发现矿业和制造业是导致与美国生产率差距的关键，但贸易条件改善使实际收入增长与美国持平。
Abstract Total factor productivity (TFP) growth in Canada between 2002 and 2014 has been only 0.16% per year. This figure is substantially smaller than that of the United States, or that of Canada in the past. We perform multiple counterfactual exercises to show that this small TFP growth cannot be accounted for by several compositional effects or mismeasurements of factors of production. We identify two key sectors (mostly Mining and to a lesser extent Manufacturing) that drive all of the TFP growth difference with the United States. Despite the lack of TFP growth, Canada has experienced sustained income growth due to a prolonged period of appreciation of the terms of trade (while US terms of trade have deteriorated), making real income in the two countries grow at similar rates.