Country of origin and ethnocentrism in the context of lateral, upward and downward migration
研究消费者民族中心主义与原产国效应在不同移民群体（横向、向上、向下迁移）中的交互作用，发现高民族中心主义移民的偏见与低民族中心主义者的单一原产国效应存在差异。
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of consumer ethnocentrism and country of origin across different immigrant communities. Design/methodology/approach A survey was used to collect data from immigrants in the USA and Mexico. Findings For immigrants with high levels of ethnocentrism, the bias for home and host country products interacts with the country of origin effect and creates multiple scenarios where the two effects move in the same or opposite directions. For immigrants with low levels of ethnocentrism, on the other hand, the country of origin effect alone is salient. Research limitations/implications The authors used a modified version of CETSCALE. Future research should revisit the content and dimensionality of consumer ethnocentrism in immigrant and other multicultural settings. Practical implications Both scholars and practitioners should exercise caution when working with ethnocentrism and country of origin as today’s societies are increasingly multicultural, which requires major modifications to the theories and tools. Social implications Similar to ways in which the US Census Bureau enabled multicultural consumers to assert their mixed identities, scholarly and business circles should embrace multiculturalism and empower immigrants. Originality/value Previous studies of consumer ethnocentrism and country of origin in multicultural contexts have restricted themselves to only one pattern of migration: consumers who move from developing to developed countries. The paper addresses this limitation by investigating various patterns of migration (including lateral, upward and downward) in multiple first-generation immigrant communities in two countries.