Second‐Order Discrimination and Generalized Lorenz Dominance
提出一种不要求参照分布一阶占优比较分布的二阶歧视定义，允许在参照和比较分布不同时对歧视模式进行排序，并证明其排序等价于广义洛伦兹占优。
We propose a definition of second‐order discrimination that does not require the reference distribution to first‐order dominate the comparison one, and allows rankings of discrimination patterns when both the reference and the comparison distributions differ. It involves comparing the probabilities that randomly selected individuals in the reference and comparison distributions belong to subgroups having the same cumulative mean income, yields orderings of distributions equivalent to those from generalized Lorenz dominance, and allows orderings of discrimination patterns, partial or complete, across pairs of distributions. We compare discrimination against U.S. seniors (inter‐distributional inequality between seniors and non‐seniors) by ethnicity.