A formal model of firm boundaries and haggling
为威廉姆森的讨价还价理论建立了正式模型，分析交易双方在事后合同重新谈判中的行为，发现一体化能节省谈判成本但会导致过多的第三方仲裁。
This study provides a formal model of Williamson’s haggling theory in which transacting parties engage in ex post contract renegotiation. We show that integration can economize bargaining costs but suffers from too much third-party arbitration (i.e., fails in selective intervention).