Clearinghouse Margin Requirements
研究了利润最大化的清算所如何为可能违约的异质交易者设定费用和保证金要求，揭示了保证金不仅受价格波动影响，还取决于交易者基本面和融资成本。
We model the decision problem faced by a profit-maximizing clearinghouse, which sets fee and margin requirements for heterogeneous traders who may default. We capture the main trade-offs underpinning the clearinghouse’s choices: higher fee and better default protection come at the cost of decreased market volume. We show that the equilibrium margin requirements are determined not only by price volatility but also by trader fundamentals and funding costs. Our results (i) explain why margins are often comparatively high relative to fees and daily price movements; (ii) capture the “term-structure” of margins, in particular that some long maturity futures contracts tend to have lower margins; and (iii) predict high sensitivity of margins to funding costs. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2018.1742 .