Cleavage theory meets Europe’s crises: Lipset, Rokkan, and the transnational cleavage
本文认为移民、一体化和贸易对民族国家的穿透可能标志着欧洲政治发展的关键节点，其影响不亚于利普塞特和罗坎经典文章所揭示的早期节点。证据表明政党制度在历史断裂中形成，政党在纲领上缺乏灵活性，因此政党制度变革以新兴政党的崛起形式出现。
This article argues that the perforation of national states by immigration, integration and trade may signify a critical juncture in the political development of Europe no less consequential for political parties and party systems than the previous junctures that Lipset and Rokkan detect in their classic article. We present evidence suggesting that (1) party systems are determined in episodic breaks from the past; (2) political parties are programmatically inflexible; and, (3) as a consequence, party system change comes in the form of rising parties.