One‐Off Subsidies and Long‐Run Adoption—Experimental Evidence on Improved Cooking Stoves in Senegal
研究2009年一次性免费发放改良炉灶对塞内加尔家庭六年后购买意愿的影响，发现免费分发并未显著降低支付意愿，表明该政策可有效促进快速推广。
Free technology distribution can be an effective development policy instrument if market‐driven adoption is socially inefficient and hampered by affordability constraints. Yet, policy makers often oppose free distribution, arguing that reference dependence lowers the willingness to pay (WTP) and thus hinders market potentials in the long run. For improved cookstoves, this paper studies the WTP six years after a randomized one‐time free distribution in 2009. We demonstrate that the cookstoves were intensely used by the treatment group households in the years after randomization until they reached their designated lifetime. Using a real‐purchase offer, we find that both treatment and control households reveal a remarkably high WTP in 2015. The estimated confidence interval suggests that we can exclude a substantial negative effect on the treatment group. The policy implication is that one‐time free distribution does not necessarily undermine future market establishment, and thus can be an effective policy instrument if rapid dissemination is the objective.